Gingivitis in children with down syndrome: Review of local and systemic factors

Objective@#To describe various local and systemic factors as the cause of gingivitis and to find out the main etiological factors of gingivitis in children with DS.@*Methods@#We searched PubMed and Google Scholar for Indonesian and English references either in the form of textbook, research results, reviews, and internet articles on the topic. We screened and selected the relevant articles for inclusion into the review. @*Results@#In children with DS, apart from poor oral hygiene, the increasing incidence of gingivitis is caused by changes in other local factors related to systemic factors, such as oral dysfunction, dental and gingival abnormalities, changes in the oral microbial profile, and salivary characteristics. Furthermore, systemic immunodeficiency, changes in inflammatory mediators and proteolytic enzymes, and intellectual subnormality are considered as systemic factors.@*Conclusion@#There is no main etiological factor of gingivitis in children with DS since various local and systemic factors are interrelated with each other causing gingivitis. The severity of gingivitis in children with DS presumably were caused by the systemic factors. Furthermore, good oral hygiene habits and the dentist's intervention in periodontal health can significantly reduce gingivitis in DS patients.

Effects of iron accumulation on dental caries, gingivitis, and candida albicans infection in children with beta thalassemia major: A narrative review

Background@#Thalassemia is a common inherited hemolytic disorder characterized by the absence or reduction of one of the globin chains. Beta thalassemia major generally has oral cavity manifestations. Patients with beta thalassemia major often require routine blood transfusion. However, this treatment has the side effect of accumulating iron in the salivary glands, which increase the risk of dental caries, gingivitis, and secondary infection from Candida albicans.@*Objective@#The aim of this review is to explain the relationship of salivary iron levels and the effects of iron accumulation on dental caries, gingivitis, and Candida albicans infection.@*Methods@#A comprehensive search was performed on PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases using the keywords beta thalassemia major, iron, dental caries, gingivitis, Candida albicans.@*Results@#Iron is an essential micronutrient needed by Candida albicans for its growth and virulence. Blood transfusion in patients with beta thalassemia major can lead to a buildup of iron in the salivary glands and trigger the formation of non-transferrin bound iron (NTBI). NTBI can circulate in plasma and form a reactive oxygen species (ROS) that stimulate the formation of biofilms and increase dental caries. ROS may affect several genes associated with the inflammatory process and increase the incidence of gingivitis. It can also reduce salivary secretion in patients with thalassemia-β major that cause dysbiosis, which triggers an overgrowth of Candida albicans.@*Conclusion@#The excess iron in patients with beta thalassemia major increase the risk of dental caries, gingivitis, and Candida albicans infection.